Disclaimer: This document is provided as-is, for public distribution, without any guarantees of accuracy or correctness. The author disclaims particularly any liability for events that may occur from acting upon the information contained herein. The names of particular models manufactured in or imported into the USA may be trademarks of their respective corporations. This does not express the opinion of my employer.
The Luger has always been known for its' accuracy. Factors contributing to this include tight manufacturing tolerances, excellent grip angle and shape, good trigger pull, and the fact that the barrel stays in a fixed position relative to the rest of the pistol except in the front-back dimension (no tipping as in Browning-style designs).
Further, it is a piece that has sparked the interest of collectors, perhaps due to the many variations of it that have been produced over the years. Specimens of rare type can command prices more appropriate to a new automobile than a firearm, while a basic, operational, if not particularly attractive, example can be had for US$350.
"The Luger Story","Luger", "The Luger Book", all by John Walter "Small Arms of the World", Edward Ezell "Handguns of the World", Edward Ezell
In an attempt to allay concerns about poor stopping power with such a small-caliber bullet, Georg Luger developed a second cartridge, the 9mm Parabellum. The 9mm Parabellum also goes by the names 9mm Luger and 9x19mm, and is distinct from a number of other cartridges that use the designation "9mm" in their names (such as 9mm short, 9mm Makarov, 9mm largo). The 9mm Parabellum cartridge cartridge case has the same base dimensions as the 7.65x23 Parabellum cartridge, but is not necked down, and is shorter, only 19mm long. A number of design changes to the Luger were made in the early 1900's, including replacing the leaf mainspring with a coil spring, and deleting the grip safety. Some pistols were produced with a lug to attach a shoulder stock. The so-called "new model" Luger of 1904 in caliber 9mm Parabellum was accepted by the German navy and later the army and designated the P08. Thereafter, German military sales accounted for the vast majority of Lugers ever produced.
In the pre-WWI period Lugers were produced by the German government arms factory in Erfurt as well as by Loewe's company, which was at that time named Deutsche Waffen- und Munitionsfabriken (DWM). The DWM monogram or Erfurt Crown logo can be found on the toggle of the pistols they manufactured (Usually. In the world of Luger markings there are always exceptions). The Luger was the standard German side arm throughout World War I. Luger production continued sporadically during the post-war period, in part due to restrictions on German arms manufacture imposed by the Treaty of Versailles. The allies permitted official production to begin in 1925 at Simson and company. Simson, however, was owned by Jews, and the company was liquidated when the Nazis came into power. The Luger manufacturing machinery was purchased by Krieghoff. Mauser purchased DWM's Luger manufacturing machinery in 1929, and produced Lugers until the later part of World War II. The Luger was officially replaced for German military use in 1940 by the Walther P38 double-action 9mm Parabellum pistol, but certainly Lugers saw service throughout the war.
Switzerland replaced the Luger with more modern designs in the late 1940's, which ended the era of use of the Luger as a service pistol. Lugers continued to be used as police side arms in the German Democratic Republic, which refurbished a number of existing guns (see below).
A number of revivals have occurred in the post-war years. In the 1960's, a .22 caliber blowback toggle-action Luger was produced by ERMA, a successor of the Erfurt company. Mauser produced a series of Lugers somewhat similar to the Swiss military model in the early 1970's. In the USA, Stoeger, which has owned the Luger trademark in the USA since the 1920's began in 1980 to sell newly manufactured stainless steel Lugers. These are still in production, to the best of my knowledge.
The Luger is a fairly complicated pistol, requiring quite a bit of precision hand-fitting to manufacture, and tight tolerances between parts. These things contribute to its' accuracy, but detract from reliability. Even for its' time, the Luger was considered complex, expensive, large, and powerful. These factors limited civilian sales especially, given the ubiquity of small, cheap Browning-style pistols. Ultimately, even for military applications, more reliable and cheaper pistols replaced it. Even a little dirt on the exposed parts of the firing mechanism on the left side can cause failure to function. Remember also that the Luger was designed to feed only round-nosed bullets, and hollow-points will almost certainly cause problems. I recommend against doing any polishing or reshaping in an attempt to get hollowpoints to feed. Instead, find another pistol for personal defense, and enjoy the Luger for what it is. I have had best luck with a Remington 115 gr hollow-point whose bullet is contoured much like a standard metal-jacketed "ball" 9mm round, but reliability is still less than with FMJ.
To field strip the pistol:
Further disassembly is not recommended nor required for routine cleaning.
On reassembly,
Notes:
There is a "takedown" tool for Lugers that aids in removal of the grip screws, ejector, and firing pin spring guide. I have not used one.
I would appreciate any source of gunsmithing or detailed disassembly procedures for the Luger.
To my knowledge, a Luger has the distinction of being the most expensive gun ever offered for sale in rec.guns (at $10,000). Of course, this posting garnered lots of flames (e.g. "I've got a brand new Chinese SKS I'll let go for $900 firm"), but the ironic thing is that the poster's asking price may not have been out of line! (I don't recall the details of his Luger). Given this, a novice purchaser must be _very_ careful when buying any but an absolute rock-bottom price Luger, which can still cost more than many new pistols. If you can't verify a seller's claims by your own knowledge of Lugers, or through reference books, my advice would be to refuse to pay extra for those claims. Over all, it is my opinion that a novice should not buy a Luger with collector value, due to the large dollar amounts involved. Gain some experience with the cheaper ones first! An example of what I am talking about occurred at a recent gun collectors' show, at which maybe 70 Lugers ranging in price from $500 to $3500 were displayed. A seller claimed that his pistol (which appeared to be a run-of-the-mill German military pattern 1916 DWM-manufactured 9mm Luger, albeit with matching serial numbers and two matching magazines) was captured and re-issued by the British during WWI. Now, a WWI-era Luger has proof marks, inspectors marks, unit marks, etc, all over it, and unless you know the meanings of a Fraktur G with a crown over it, a Prussian Eagle carrying an orb, and many others, it would be difficult to evaluate his claims of "British proof marks" and whether they were worth an extra $300 on the price. "The Luger Story" and "The Luger Book" both have information on proof and other marks, but neither work appears exhaustive.
Given that, this FAQ will be directed toward those purchasing their "first" Luger. If you care about the differences between rarer variations, you probably already know much more than I am purporting to cover in this FAQ. Also, don't take what I have to say on faith, either -- do some research!
There are many different variations produced by at least six entities (DWM/DKIW, Erfurt, Simson, Krieghoff, Mauser, Switzerland), with markings in many languages (German, English, Russian, Bulgarian, Finnish, Dutch, ...).
Several obvious things can cause a Luger to command a higher price. The first is that all parts have matching serial numbers. The main serial number is to be found on the frame, in front of and below the barrel. On WWI-era German pistols, it will be 4 digits followed by a cursive letter suffix (indicating which run of 10,000 the pistol belonged to, starting with "a"). This should match the serial number on the left side of the chamber and the one on the underside of the barrel. The year of production was stamped above the chamber after 1910. Many of the small parts (side plate, toggle, etc) have the last two digits of the serial number stamped on them. "The Luger story" has a number of nice diagrams showing exactly which ones and where. If the pistol also has two magazines with matching numbers, that increases the price even further. Pieces that have been refinished (different grips, reblued, overstamped numbers) are worth less than those that have not). If there appears to be pitting or other corrosion that has blue on top of it, that is a sure sign the pistol has been reblued. Of the makers that produced large numbers of Lugers, DWM (earlier) and Mauser (later) are the most common. "The Luger Story" contains an appendix that gives an approximate value based on a "rarity index" for a number (maybe 200) of Luger variations by different makers in different years.
The biggest source of Lugers today (February 1997) at the wholesale level are German military pattern pistols arriving from former Eastern Bloc countries. My guess is that, as in recent years, this lot includes so-called "Vopo re-works" that were refurbished for police (Volks Polizei, "Vopo" for short) use in the former East Germany, including re-bluing and x-ing out and re-stamping serial numbers to make everything match. The bore quality can range from shot-out to excellent, depending on the particular pistol. In general, it seems to me that earlier-dated (esp. pre WWI) pistols are better made than later ones (esp. late WW-II examples), but have also had more time to suffer wear and tear. The grips can be either the original checkered wood or a checkered brown plastic with a target in the center. The magazine bases are typically aluminum rather than wood.
Of course, you can buy a brand new stainless steel Luger from Stoeger, and the 1970's Mauser Lugers are generally in very good shape, since they haven't seen the rigors of wartime service, but there aren't that many of them out there.